Nested dossier hub

Do Israeli prison conditions amount to deliberate neglect/starvation and collective punishment?

claim-2026-israeli-prison-conditions-deliberate-neglect-starvation-collective-punishment-cl

Debunked: misleadingAssessment confidence: medium1 public pack(s)5 key high-authority

Overall verdict

Debunked: misleading

2 evidence track(s)
Nested claim

Nested dossier claim

Israeli prison and detention conditions amount to deliberate medical neglect, starvation, humiliation, or collective punishment of Palestinian detainees.

Summary

Advocacy groups, UN experts, and media have alleged that since October 7, 2023, Palestinian detainees — including Gazans and West Bank detainees — have been subjected to degrading treatment, insufficient food, medical neglect, and policies designed to punish them collectively. The claim circulates via NGO reports (e.g., PHRI), UN press releases (OHCHR), and press interviews with released detainees.

Debunk

Assessment

Credible and mutually reinforcing evidence indicates that conditions for many Palestinian detainees seriously deteriorated after Oct. 7, 2023, including severe overcrowding, outbreaks of scabies, barriers to medical care, and food shortfalls. Israel’s own oversight bodies and courts have acknowledged significant deficiencies: the Israeli Supreme Court (7 Sep 2025) found serious doubt that the IPS was providing food meeting basic subsistence and ordered remedial steps, later clarifying that additional food must be supplied upon request with periodic weigh‑ins. The Public Defender’s official inspections (2023–2024) documented medical-access failures and disease alongside IPS replies. UN human-rights mechanisms and PHRI gathered testimonies alleging humiliation, beatings, and starvation-like rations. At the same time, Israeli authorities deny a policy of abuse, cite multiple oversight mechanisms, and have opened investigations and at least one prosecution for detainee abuse; the IDF says each detainee death in IDF custody triggers a criminal probe and has publicized an advisory committee and accountability actions. On the legal framing: describing the entire system as ‘collective punishment’ is a contested legal conclusion. Article 33 GC IV prohibits punishing protected persons for offenses they did not personally commit; proving a collective‑punishment policy requires intent and group‑penalization evidence, not only poor outcomes. The current record strongly supports findings of unlawful and degrading conditions and failures to meet minimum standards, and shows court-ordered corrections — but whether these amount to an IHL ‘collective punishment’ policy remains under dispute and requires target‑ and intent‑specific proof.

Why it matters

If true, such practices could violate Israeli domestic law, the UN Nelson Mandela Rules, and — for protected persons — the prohibition of collective punishment under Article 33 of the Fourth Geneva Convention. The allegations also bear on accountability, oversight of the IPS/IDF, and the credibility of detainee testimony used in security proceedings.

How to read this dossierOptional guide

Nested file

This dossier belongs to a broader parent accusation and also has its own tracks.

Hospital / LOAC model

Hospital protection, warning feasibility, evacuation, military use, Hamas obstruction, and proportionality are component questions. The public verdict belongs to the broader accusation.

Track rollup

2

Rebutting tracks

2

High-confidence reads

10

Claim-side items

10 claim-side9 counter-evidence16 legal / method37 context

High-authority evidence

Key sources shaping this assessment

5 highlighted

These are court records, state legal submissions, military/LOAC expert analyses, official operational data, or methodology sources that materially shape the assessment. They are not a truth shortcut; they are the strongest source layer to read first.

Methodology / source hygieneCOGATSource hygieneICJ / state legal recordSource reliability: high

COGAT: The Third IPC Report on Gaza - June 2024 Response

Official ICJ, state-legal, or government legal-position material.

Official Israeli methodology response to IPC reporting, useful for famine, food-security, aid-entry, and source-chain analysis. Matched by Priority-A source family: aid.

Open source
Show URL

https://www.gov.il/BlobFolder/news/the-third-ipc-report-on-gaza-june-2024-3-sep-2024/en/English_Swords_of_Iron_DOCUMENTS_IPC%20report%20on%20Gaza_v8.7.pdf

Counter-evidenceCOGATPrimary / officialICJ / state legal recordSource reliability: high

COGAT: Humanitarian Aid to Gaza Dashboard

Official ICJ, state-legal, or government legal-position material.

Official Israeli operational data source for humanitarian aid, crossings, route categories, food, fuel, water, and medical coordination. Matched by Priority-A source family: aid.

Open source
Show URL

https://govextra.gov.il/mda/facts/index/humanitarian-aid/

Source quality audit18 strong source(s)

Evidence quality audit

Source mix

Methodology
18

Strong source layer

Court, official, military/LOAC, watchdog, or explicitly role-labeled high-value material.

0

Primary locator layer

Videos, transcripts, debates, timestamps, or source pages that prove what was said or published.

12

Claim-side layer

Allegation and amplification records; useful for tracing the claim, not proof of the accusation.

This file has explicit source-chain edges; read the sequence below before treating repetitions as independent proof.

Evidence map

How the dossier is connected

2 connected track(s)

The center node is the verdict on the bundled accusation. The surrounding tracks are narrower factual, legal, source-chain, or LOAC questions. Evidence counts show whether each track is mainly claim-side, debunk-side, legal/context, or mixed.

Court / legal / methodologyOfficial / counter-evidenceClaim-side / allegationContext / needs reading
Overall: Debunked: misleading

Do Israeli prison conditions amount to deliberate neglect/starvation and collective punishment?

Credible and mutually reinforcing evidence indicates that conditions for many Palestinian detainees seriously deteriorated after Oct. 7, 2023, including severe overcrowding, outbreaks of scabies, barriers to medical care, and food shortfalls. Israel’s own oversight bodies and courts have acknowledged significant deficiencies: the Israeli Supreme Court (7 Sep 2025) found serious doubt that the IPS was providing food meeting basic subsistence and ordered remedial steps, later clarifying that additional food must be supplied upon request with periodic weigh‑ins. The Public Defender’s official inspections (2023–2024) documented medical-access failures and disease alongside IPS replies. UN human-rights mechanisms and PHRI gathered testimonies alleging humiliation, beatings, and starvation-like rations. At the same time, Israeli authorities deny a policy of abuse, cite multiple oversight mechanisms, and have opened investigations and at least one prosecution for detainee abuse; the IDF says each detainee death in IDF custody triggers a criminal probe and has publicized an advisory committee and accountability actions. On the legal framing: describing the entire system as ‘collective punishment’ is a contested legal conclusion. Article 33 GC IV prohibits punishing protected persons for offenses they did not personally commit; proving a collective‑punishment policy requires intent and group‑penalization evidence, not only poor outcomes. The current record strongly supports findings of unlawful and degrading conditions and failures to meet minimum standards, and shows court-ordered corrections — but whether these amount to an IHL ‘collective punishment’ policy remains under dispute and requires target‑ and intent‑specific proof.

No connected tracks match this map filter yet.

Claim constellation

Interactive relation map

9 node(s)

Rotate, zoom, and select nodes to see how the parent accusation, evidence tracks, and evidence sources sit together. Click a node to zoom into it; double-click a claim or evidence node to open it. This is the exploratory view; the matrix below remains the audit view.

Track matrix

Evidence by component

0 visible row(s)
Track
Claim-side evidence
Counter-evidence
Legal / method
Result
No rows match this map filter yet.

Evidence tracks

Evidence tracks inside this dossier

2 track(s)
Overall verdict: Debunked: misleading

The parent claim carries the public verdict on the bundled accusation. Tracks below preserve narrow evidence findings: some can be partly supported without making the bundled accusation true.

Broad accusations are split into precise evidence tracks so legal standards, source claims, military necessity, warnings, intent, and counter-evidence can be checked separately. These tracks are shown here as supporting analysis, not as separate headline claims in the main search.

Evidence filter

Source filters

Evidence status shown per item

Claim-side record

Claim repetitions

18 item(s)
claim_sourcesource leadOHCHR (via UNISPAL)2024-07-31

UN report: Palestinian detainees held arbitrarily and secretly, subjected to torture and mistreatment – OHCHR press release

OHCHR states detainees from Gaza and the West Bank have been subjected to torture, ill‑treatment, medical neglect and starvation.

Summarizes UN findings since Oct. 7, 2023 on arbitrary detention, ill‑treatment, medical neglect and starvation allegations.

Open source
Show URL

https://www.un.org/unispal/document/torture-and-mistreatment-ohchr-pr-31jul24/

claim_sourcesource leadPhysicians for Human Rights–Israel (PHRI)2025-02-26

Physicians for Human Rights–Israel: “Detained, Tortured & Starved: The Plight of Gaza’s Medical Workers in Israeli Custody”

PHRI documents medical workers from Gaza who were ‘unlawfully detained, tortured, and starved’ in Israeli custody.

Collects 24 first‑hand testimonies from Gazan medical workers alleging torture, humiliation, starvation and medical neglect in detention.

Open source
Show URL

https://www.phr.org.il/en/torture-of-medical-workers/

claim_sourcesource leadAssociated Press2024-03-02

AP: ‘They wanted to humiliate us.’ Palestinian women detained by Israel allege abuse in Israeli custody

Women detained from Gaza allege humiliation, beatings, poor conditions, and medical neglect.

Provides interviews with released detainees alleging humiliation, beatings, and neglect.

Open source
Show URL

https://apnews.com/article/51d4727a1365b9e06198579c3eb856f8

claim_sourcesource leadUnited Nations Office at Geneva

Deep concerns over ‘inhuman’ detention of Gazans by Israeli authorities

UN partners expressed concern over ‘inhuman’ detention; reports of shackling leading to severe injuries and detainee deaths.

UN summary notes alleged shackling injuries, amputations, and multiple detainee deaths in custody attributed to beatings or lack of medical assistance.

Open source
Show URL

https://www.ungeneva.org/en/news-media/news/2024/05/93823/deep-concerns-over-inhuman-detention-gazans-israeli-authorities

Claim sourceOHCHR (via UNISPAL)Claim-side sourceSource reliability: high

UN report: Palestinian detainees held arbitrarily and secretly, subjected to torture and mistreatment – OHCHR press release

Summarizes UN findings since Oct. 7, 2023 on arbitrary detention, ill‑treatment, medical neglect and starvation allegations.

Open source
Show URL

https://www.un.org/unispal/document/torture-and-mistreatment-ohchr-pr-31jul24/

Claim sourceReutersClaim-side sourceSource reliability: medium

Reuters: After court order, prisoners ‘still hungry’

Post‑ruling field reporting on continued allegations; useful for compliance tracking.

Open source
Show URL

https://wsau.com/2026/02/11/israeli-court-ordered-prisons-to-give-palestinian-detainees-more-food-they-are-still-hungry/

Claim sourceAssociated PressClaim-side sourceSource reliability: medium

Palestinian teenager who died in Israeli prison showed signs of starvation

Israeli‑observed autopsy indicating starvation likely leading cause of death (Walid Ahmad).

Open source
Show URL

https://apnews.com/article/0fcaaceb7420b684bb449f798434477b

Claim sourceAssociated PressClaim-side sourceSource reliability: medium

‘They wanted to humiliate us.’ Palestinian women allege abuse in custody

Independent interviews with released detainees alleging beatings/humiliation/neglect.

Open source
Show URL

https://apnews.com/article/51d4727a1365b9e06198579c3eb856f8

Claim sourcePHRIClaim-side sourceSource reliability: medium

Torture of Medical Staff from Gaza in Israel – Report and Testimonies

First‑hand testimonies on torture, humiliation, starvation-like rations, medical neglect.

Open source
Show URL

https://www.phr.org.il/en/torture-of-medical-workers/

Claim sourcePhysicians for Human Rights–Israel (PHRI)Claim-side sourceSource reliability: medium

Physicians for Human Rights–Israel: “Detained, Tortured & Starved: The Plight of Gaza’s Medical Workers in Israeli Custody”

Collects 24 first‑hand testimonies from Gazan medical workers alleging torture, humiliation, starvation and medical neglect in detention.

Open source
Show URL

https://www.phr.org.il/en/torture-of-medical-workers/

Claim sourceAPClaim-side sourceSource reliability: medium

AP: Palestinian teen death – autopsy observer says starvation likely

Concrete death‑in‑custody case tied to alleged starvation; later closure ruling also AP.

Open source
Show URL

https://apnews.com/article/0fcaaceb7420b684bb449f798434477b

Claim sourceOHCHR (via UN Geneva/UNISPAL)Claim-side sourceSource reliability: medium

UN report: Palestinian detainees subjected to torture and mistreatment

Sets out UN allegations on secret detention, torture and neglect to be assessed, not assumed true.

Open source
Show URL

https://www.un.org/unispal/document/torture-and-mistreatment-ohchr-pr-31jul24/

Claim sourceUN Office at GenevaClaim-side sourceSource reliability: medium

Deep concerns over ‘inhuman’ detention of Gazans by Israeli authorities

Cites testimonies about shackling injuries and amputations in IDF-run detention.

Open source
Show URL

https://www.ungeneva.org/en/news-media/news/2024/05/93823/deep-concerns-over-inhuman-detention-gazans-israeli-authorities

Claim sourceOHCHR (via UNISPAL)Claim-side sourceSource reliability: medium

UN report: Palestinian detainees held arbitrarily and secretly, subjected to torture and mistreatment

Summarizes UN findings since Oct 7 on ill‑treatment, medical neglect, starvation allegations.

Open source
Show URL

https://www.un.org/unispal/document/torture-and-mistreatment-ohchr-pr-31jul24/

Claim sourceUN Office at GenevaClaim-side sourceSource reliability: medium

Deep concerns over ‘inhuman’ detention of Gazans

Summarizes allegations of shackling injuries and amputations in IDF‑run detention.

Open source
Show URL

https://www.ungeneva.org/en/news-media/news/2024/05/93823/deep-concerns-over-inhuman-detention-gazans-israeli-authorities

Claim sourcePhysicians for Human Rights–Israel (PHRI)Claim-side sourceSource reliability: medium

PHRI: ‘Detained, Tortured & Starved’ – Gaza medical workers

Key testimonial corpus alleging abuse, starvation‑like rations, and medical neglect.

Open source
Show URL

https://www.phr.org.il/en/torture-of-medical-workers/

Claim sourceAssociated PressClaim-side sourceSource reliability: high

AP: ‘They wanted to humiliate us.’ Palestinian women detained by Israel allege abuse in Israeli custody

Provides interviews with released detainees alleging humiliation, beatings, and neglect.

Open source
Show URL

https://apnews.com/article/51d4727a1365b9e06198579c3eb856f8

Claim sourceReutersClaim-side sourceSource reliability: medium

Israeli court ordered prisons to give more food; prisoners still hungry

Post‑ruling field reporting on continuing allegations of hunger and abuse.

Open source
Show URL

https://www.investing.com/news/world-news/israeli-court-ordered-prisons-to-give-palestinian-detainees-more-food-they-are-still-hungry-4499906

Rebuttal record

Debunk evidence

33 item(s)
Context evidenceThe Jerusalem PostMedia recordSource reliability: medium

High Court majority rules: IPS fails to provide adequate nutrition

Mainstream coverage of the Sept 7, 2025 ruling; helpful for timeline building.

Open source
Show URL

https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-866649

Context evidenceUnited Nations Digital LibraryPrimary / officialSource reliability: medium

UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (Nelson Mandela Rules)

Baseline standards for detention conditions (food, healthcare, dignity).

Open source
Show URL

https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/816764?ln=en&v=pdf

Context evidenceIsrael National NewsContext sourceSource reliability: medium

Israel National News: Supreme Court orders IPS to provide extra food on request and periodic weigh‑ins

Follow‑up on compliance proceedings after 2025 ruling, clarifying requirements for additional food and monitoring.

Open source
Show URL

https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/425967

Context evidenceState of Israel (gov.il)Primary / officialStrategic referenceSource reliability: medium

Public Defender inspection report on prison conditions 2023–2024 (official)

Primary state inspections describing overcrowding, disease, and food/medical issues with IPS responses.

Open source
Show URL

https://www.gov.il/BlobFolder/dynamiccollectorresultitem/prison_conditions_report_23_24/he/prison_conditions_report_2023_2024.pdf

Context evidenceACRIContext sourceLegal advocacySource reliability: medium

ACRI: Blindfolding security prisoners in public areas – IPS confirms directive

Primary documentation of a contentious IPS policy and IPS justification.

Open source
Show URL

https://www.english.acri.org.il/post/blindfolding-security-prisoners-in-public-areas-in-prisons

Context evidenceICRCContext sourceSource reliability: medium

ICRC FAQ: Palestinian detainees – loss of access since Oct 7

Primary confirmation of no ICRC access to Palestinian detainees since Oct 7, 2023.

Open source
Show URL

https://www.icrc.org/en/article/FAQ-icrc-and-palestinian-detainees

Context evidenceUnited Nations Digital LibraryPrimary / officialSource reliability: medium

Nelson Mandela Rules (UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners)

Baseline detention standards for food, healthcare and dignity to evaluate conditions.

Open source
Show URL

https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/816764?ln=en&v=pdf

Methodology / source hygieneCOGATSource hygieneICJ / state legal recordSource reliability: high

COGAT: The Third IPC Report on Gaza - June 2024 Response

Official Israeli methodology response to IPC reporting, useful for famine, food-security, aid-entry, and source-chain analysis. Matched by Priority-A source family: aid.

Open source
Show URL

https://www.gov.il/BlobFolder/news/the-third-ipc-report-on-gaza-june-2024-3-sep-2024/en/English_Swords_of_Iron_DOCUMENTS_IPC%20report%20on%20Gaza_v8.7.pdf

Context evidenceICRCContext sourceSource reliability: medium

ICRC FAQ: No access to Palestinian detainees since Oct 7, 2023

Confirms access gap; important for verification limits and oversight analysis.

Open source
Show URL

https://www.icrc.org/en/article/FAQ-icrc-and-palestinian-detainees

Context evidenceThe Jerusalem PostMedia recordSource reliability: medium

IPS fails to provide adequate nutrition to prisoners, Supreme Court rules

Mainstream coverage of the HCJ ruling and required steps.

Open source
Show URL

https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-866649

Context evidenceIsrael National NewsContext sourceSource reliability: medium

Prison Service must ensure adequate food; compliance orders incl. weigh‑ins

Reports April 23, 2026 compliance directives (extra food on request; weigh‑ins).

Open source
Show URL

https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/425967

Counter-evidenceIDFContext sourceSource reliability: high

Response to queries about the ‘Sde Teiman’ detention facility

Official denial of systemic abuse; outlines oversight and automatic investigations of deaths.

Open source
Show URL

https://www.idf.il/en/mini-sites/israel-at-war/all-articles/response-to-queries-about-the-detention-facility-in-the-sde-teiman-military-base/

Context evidenceThe Times of IsraelContext sourceSource reliability: medium

Scabies outbreak plagues prisons as number of security inmates hits new high

Independent reporting on disease outbreaks and related petitions.

Open source
Show URL

https://www.timesofisrael.com/scabies-outbreak-plagues-prisons-as-number-of-security-inmates-hits-new-high/

Counter-evidenceIsrael Defense ForcesContext sourceSource reliability: high

IDF response on Sde Teiman detention facility

Official denial of systemic abuse; outlines oversight and automatic investigations of deaths.

Open source
Show URL

https://www.idf.il/en/mini-sites/israel-at-war/all-articles/response-to-queries-about-the-detention-facility-in-the-sde-teiman-military-base/

Context evidenceACRIContext sourceLegal advocacySource reliability: medium

Blindfolding security prisoners in public areas – IPS confirms directive

Primary documentation that IPS implemented a blindfolding policy during escorts.

Open source
Show URL

https://www.english.acri.org.il/post/blindfolding-security-prisoners-in-public-areas-in-prisons

Context evidenceThe Times of IsraelContext sourceSource reliability: medium

‘Scabies outbreak plagues prisons’

Independent reporting on disease outbreaks and petitions regarding medical care.

Open source
Show URL

https://www.timesofisrael.com/scabies-outbreak-plagues-prisons-as-number-of-security-inmates-hits-new-high/

Methodology / source hygieneINSSSource hygieneSource reliability: medium

INSS: UN Hunger Reports on Gaza - Where Did All the Food Go?

Expert commentary on discrepancies in UN hunger reporting, COGAT/UN data gaps, and food-distribution methodology. Matched by Priority-A source family: aid.

Open source
Show URL

https://www.inss.org.il/publication/un-hunger-reports/

Counter-evidenceCOGATPrimary / officialICJ / state legal recordSource reliability: high

COGAT: Humanitarian Aid to Gaza Dashboard

Official Israeli operational data source for humanitarian aid, crossings, route categories, food, fuel, water, and medical coordination. Matched by Priority-A source family: aid.

Open source
Show URL

https://govextra.gov.il/mda/facts/index/humanitarian-aid/

Context evidenceThe Jerusalem PostMedia recordSource reliability: medium

Jerusalem Post: IPS fails to provide adequate nutrition to prisoners, Supreme Court rules

Mainstream coverage of HCJ ruling confirming legal inadequacy of IPS food provision post‑Oct. 7.

Open source
Show URL

https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-866649

Context evidenceLA TimesContext sourceSource reliability: medium

Israel’s Supreme Court says prisoners not given enough food

Confirms HCJ holding and quotes; includes policy context.

Open source
Show URL

https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2025-09-07/israels-supreme-court-says-government-is-not-giving-palestinian-prisoners-enough-food

Counter-evidenceIDFContext sourceSource reliability: high

Reservist soldier convicted for abuse of detainees at Sde Teiman

Confirms abuse incidents and accountability; essential to avoid over‑generalization.

Open source
Show URL

https://www.idf.il/en/mini-sites/idf-press-releases-israel-at-war/february-25-pr/reservist-soldier-verdict-for-abuse-against-prisoners-at-sde-teiman/

Methodology / source hygieneIsrael Journal of Health Policy ResearchSource hygieneSource reliability: high

Food supplied to Gaza during seven months of the Israel-Hamas war

Peer-reviewed analysis using COGAT registry data for food weight/calories/nutritional supply, relevant to aid-entry versus distribution and starvation-intent claims. Matched by Priority-A source family: aid.

Open source
Show URL

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11818336/

Context evidenceIsrael HayomContext sourceSource reliability: medium

Israel Hayom: Deputy Attorney General queries IPS/minister on why security prisoners do not receive fruit

Shows internal legal scrutiny of prisoner nutrition and ministry/IPS justifications during litigation period.

Open source
Show URL

https://www.israelhayom.com/2024/04/18/attorney-general-asks-why-security-prisoners-do-not-receive-fruit/

Context evidenceIsrael Defense ForcesContext sourceSource reliability: high

IDF: Reservist soldier convicted for abuse of detainees at Sde Teiman (plea)

Shows that some abuse allegations led to criminal accountability, indicating both existence of abuse cases and functioning investigative mechanisms.

Open source
Show URL

https://www.idf.il/en/mini-sites/idf-press-releases-israel-at-war/february-25-pr/reservist-soldier-verdict-for-abuse-against-prisoners-at-sde-teiman/

Context evidenceIsrael National NewsContext sourceSource reliability: medium

Supreme Court orders extra food on request and periodic weigh‑ins (compliance)

Documents April 23, 2026 compliance directives the archive should note.

Open source
Show URL

https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/425967

Source-chain map

How the claim travels

3 edge(s)
1Origin claim

Who first made the concrete allegation?

3Counter-record

What official, legal, military, or methodology evidence tests it?

4Consequence

Did it become sanctions, lawfare, campus pressure, or media shorthand?

01

Humanitarian harm is framed as deliberate starvation policy

claim_origin

Aid shortages, infrastructure damage, siege rhetoric, or famine-risk reporting become proof of a policy to starve civilians.

02

Aid entry, last-mile distribution, Hamas conduct, and intent are bundled

category_collapse

The file should separate border policy, distribution failures, looting, combat conditions, infrastructure damage, and legal intent.

03

Aid and methodology record tests intent

counter_record

COGAT, UN/OCHA, IPC, WFP, military-law, and incident sources should determine what the humanitarian record proves.

Copy/paste debunk packs

enpublic concise

Israeli courts and state inspections confirm serious deficiencies (food, medical access, overcrowding) for Palestinian detainees since Oct. 7, while UN/NGO testimonies allege humiliation and starvation; Israel denies a punitive policy, cites oversight, and some prosecutions — the facts support unlawful, degrading conditions, but a blanket ‘collective punishment’ label remains legally disputed.

New: Courts and official inspections in Israel confirm serious deficiencies in food and medical access for Palestinian detainees post–Oct 7. UN/NGOs report humiliation and starvation. Israel denies a punitive policy and cites probes. Unlawful conditions are well‑evidenced; ‘collective punishment’ remains a legal dispute.