Track legally inaccurateAssessment confidence: high2 public pack(s)6 key high-authority
Overall verdict
Track legally inaccurate
Evidence track
Evidence track under audit
The number or ratio of civilian casualties in Gaza proves Israel is unlawfully targeting civilians.
Summary
A narrative that turns casualty totals, women/children counts, or civilian-to-combatant ratios into proof of illegal targeting.
Debunk
Assessment
The claim that civilian-casualty ratios prove unlawful targeting is legally inaccurate. IHL does not decide distinction or proportionality by aggregate campaign ratios. Proportionality is assessed strike by strike, ex ante, against expected civilian harm, the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated, feasible precautions, target verification, and available alternatives. Casualty ratios can raise humanitarian and investigative questions, especially when datasets are reliable and disaggregated, but they do not by themselves prove intentional civilian targeting, indiscriminate attack, or disproportionate attack.
P2 casualty-methodology bottom-source debunk round 7 (2026-06-12): Bottom-source debunk: the hostile chain uses aggregate deaths, women/children shares, and assumed civilian ratios as a shortcut to unlawful targeting. That bottom layer does not answer the legal question. Distinction and proportionality are assessed attack by attack, ex ante, against the information reasonably available at the time: target, military advantage, expected civilian harm, feasible precautions, Hamas embedding, tunnel and command use, warnings, and alternatives. A global ratio cannot supply the missing strike files or prove that Israel intentionally targeted civilians. Turning casualty arithmetic into a legal verdict is legally inaccurate.
Why it matters
Casualty ratios are widely used in social media and journalism because they are simple, emotionally powerful, and often detached from law-of-war analysis.
How to read this dossierOptional guide
Evidence track
This page tests one narrow factual, legal, source-chain, or LOAC component inside a broader dossier.
These are court records, state legal submissions, military/LOAC expert analyses, official operational data, or methodology sources that materially shape the assessment. They are not a truth shortcut; they are the strongest source layer to read first.
Methodology / source hygieneModern War InstituteSource hygieneMilitary / LOAC expertsSource reliability: high
Modern War Institute: Operation Cast Lead case study on warnings, embedding, and urban limits
Senior military, urban-warfare, or law-of-armed-conflict expert analysis.
Method source for casualty-ratio and urban-combat comparison limits.
Locator: MWI case study sections on warnings, Hamas embedding, deliberate targeting, and limits of urban precautions.
Quote rule: Short excerpt/locator only; verify against linked source for any extended quotation.
Methodology / source hygieneJINSASource hygieneMilitary / LOAC expertsSource reliability: high
JINSA: The October 7 War - Observations, Analysis, and Recommendations
Senior military, urban-warfare, or law-of-armed-conflict expert analysis.
Military and legal expert report on the October 7 war, Gaza operational context, Hamas strategy, civilian-harm mitigation, and LOAC framing. Matched by Priority-A source family: loac, intent, aid.
Counter-evidenceRichard KempMilitary / LOAC expertMilitary / LOAC expertsSource reliability: high
Richard Kemp: Israel's persecution has exposed our two-tier international justice system
Senior military, urban-warfare, or law-of-armed-conflict expert analysis.
Direct Richard Kemp source on HLMG observations, civilian-harm mitigation, Hamas tactics, ICC posture, and starvation allegations. Useful as military-expert counter-record, not as a court finding.
Methodology / source hygieneThe Washington Institute for Near East PolicySource hygieneCasualty methodologySource reliability: high
Washington Institute: Untangling the U.N.'s Gaza Fatality Data
Methodology source for casualty, demographic, or source-chain data limits.
Methodology source for UN casualty reporting, source-chain attribution, and demographic/civilian inference limits. Matched by Priority-A source family: casualty.
Court, official, military/LOAC, watchdog, or explicitly role-labeled high-value material.
11
Legal / method layer
Context, methodology, legal analysis, and assessment-supporting sources.
1
Primary locator layer
Videos, transcripts, debates, timestamps, or source pages that prove what was said or published.
2
Claim-side layer
Allegation and amplification records; useful for tracing the claim, not proof of the accusation.
This file has explicit source-chain edges; read the sequence below before treating repetitions as independent proof.
Claim constellation
Interactive relation map
8 node(s)
Rotate, zoom, and select nodes to see how the claim and its evidence sources sit together. Click a node to zoom into it; double-click a claim or evidence node to open it. This is the exploratory view; the source list below remains the audit view.
Urban Warfare Project Case Study #14: Operation Cast Lead
The MWI case study describes Israeli warnings, Hamas exploitation of urban terrain and civilian infrastructure, and the limits that dense urban combat places on civilian-protection measures.
Urban-warfare method source for hospital/LOAC, civilian-casualty, warning-feasibility, and human-shield claims.
Wohin sollen die Menschen, die sich vor den Kämpfen in die südliche Stadt Rafah geflüchtet haben, gehen, wenn auch diese Zuflucht angegriffen wird?
Armin Wolf Die Presse Rafah civilian-protection source-chain hardening / 2026-07-02. Media/source-chain record of a ZIB2 moderator's civilian-protection question and an IDF spokesperson exchange. Use as DACH media-accountability context, not as an independent factual finding about Rafah, proportionality, or targeting legality.
Claim sourceUN OCHAClaim-side sourceSource reliability: medium
OCHA reported impact and casualty updates for Gaza
Claim-side humanitarian data provenance. Use as important situational record, but preserve Gaza-authority sourcing, verification limits, access constraints, and methodology changes.
Locator: OCHA oPt updates index and Gaza humanitarian updates.
Quote rule: Updates frequently cite Gaza authorities and UN field-source chains.
Claim sourceOHCHR / UN Commission of InquiryClaim-side sourceSource reliability: medium
OHCHR / UN COI A/HRC/62/CRP.2 child-targeting allegation source
OHCHR/Pillay COI claim-side origin for the child-targeting allegation; preserve as provenance requiring bottom-source and counter-audit review.
Bottom-source disposition: preserves allegation/transmission only; not bottom-source proof. The locator preserves where the allegation appears, not that the allegation is proven. Treat this as source-chain provenance unless separate primary records and counter-audit evidence satisfy the factual and legal threshold.
Locator: PDF pp. 13-17, paras. 48-66; especially paras. 48, 55, 59-65. Conclusions section pp. 82-84, paras. 361-365.
Quote rule: Preserve short excerpts only. Key provenance: report section headed 'Deliberate targeting of children by the Israeli security forces in the Gaza Strip'.
Claim sourceAKTUALITUM / YouTubeClaim-side sourceSource reliability: medium
Israel toetet jeden Tag im Gazastreifen eine Schulklasse! | Kristin Helberg (verified video source window)
Source window relevant to casualty-ratio and civilian-harm rhetoric. Requires the archive's casualty methodology counter-context.
Locator: Audio-verified source window 00:39-01:09; screenshot docs/codex/source-screenshots/dach-audio-verified-quotes-2026-06-15/helberg-genocide-0039-0109.png; clip hash f40ca1be206a35e6...; source https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=21vdeMPGqPo&t=39s.
01:13-01:33 audio-verified excerpt: "Mehr als 70 Prozent der Deutschen finden ... dass da was dran ist an dem Genozidvorwurf." Screenshot docs/codex/source-screenshots/dach-audio-verified-quotes-2026-06-15-round2/kristin-helberg-0113-genocide-public-opinion.png; clip hash c04f1ed4bb0042af...; timestamp https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=21vdeMPGqPo&t=73s.
Quote rule: 00:39-01:09 audio-verified excerpt: "sehr plausibel ist, dass da inzwischen ein Genozid stattfindet".
01:13-01:33 audio-verified excerpt: "Mehr als 70 Prozent der Deutschen finden ... dass da was dran ist an dem Genozidvorwurf."
Counter-evidenceThe SpectatorContext sourceDebate recordSource reliability: medium
Jonathan Sacerdoti / Spectator: No, Israel isn't deliberately targeting children in Gaza
Sacerdoti/Spectator counter-frame: child-casualty tragedy does not establish deliberate targeting without proof of orders, intent, incident attribution, and forensic/legal threshold.
Locator: HTML metadata: title, author, canonical URL, publication/modified dates, 1304-word schema count, and meta description; screenshot stored locally.
Quote rule: Use only short title/meta-description excerpts unless article body is later manually captured with permission/access.
Methodology / source hygieneJINSASource hygieneMilitary / LOAC expertsSource reliability: high
JINSA: The October 7 War - Observations, Analysis, and Recommendations
Military and legal expert report on the October 7 war, Gaza operational context, Hamas strategy, civilian-harm mitigation, and LOAC framing. Matched by Priority-A source family: loac, intent, aid.
Counter-evidenceRichard KempMilitary / LOAC expertMilitary / LOAC expertsSource reliability: high
Richard Kemp: Israel's persecution has exposed our two-tier international justice system
Direct Richard Kemp source on HLMG observations, civilian-harm mitigation, Hamas tactics, ICC posture, and starvation allegations. Useful as military-expert counter-record, not as a court finding.
Methodology / source hygieneThe Washington Institute for Near East PolicySource hygieneCasualty methodologySource reliability: high
Washington Institute: Untangling the U.N.'s Gaza Fatality Data
Methodology source for UN casualty reporting, source-chain attribution, and demographic/civilian inference limits. Matched by Priority-A source family: casualty.
Methodology / source hygieneHenry Jackson SocietySource hygieneSource reliability: medium
Hamas Casualty Reports are a Tangle of Technical Problems
Important source for the lower-than-claimed women/children share and the need to audit Hamas-run datasets mathematically before using them in intent claims.
Legal debunkLieber InstituteLegal analysisMilitary / LOAC expertsSource reliability: high
Lieber Institute: Inside IDF Targeting
Lieber Institute analysis of IDF targeting rules, proportionality, precautions, and military-objective criteria. Useful as legal/context source.
Locator: Sections on military objectives, proportionality, civilian-harm estimates, precautions, IDF targeting doctrine, and Hamas human-shield history.
Legal debunkLieber Institute for Law and WarfareLegal analysisMilitary / LOAC expertsSource reliability: high
Lieber Institute: Assessing the Conduct of Hostilities in Gaza
LOAC source for why conduct-of-hostilities assessment in Gaza requires ex-ante, incident-specific evidence rather than effects-only inference. Matched by Priority-A source family: loac.
methodology debunkThe World against Israel Case ArchiveContext sourceSource reliability: high
P2 debunked source-chain layer: hostile repetition does not revive a debunked claim
This claim is already classified as legally_inaccurate. The hostile source-chain remains preserved so readers can see where the allegation travelled. It does not prove the public overclaim unless the original bottom evidence independently proves the allegation and survives counter-audit. Current audit counts: 3 claim-side item(s), 2 allegation-chain item(s), 9 primary-like item(s), 46 counter/primary item(s).
Locator: P2 debunked-source-chain batch after archive-wide bottom-source proof audit.
Counter-evidenceJINSA / The Cipher BriefMilitary / LOAC expertMilitary / LOAC expertsSource reliability: high
Correcting the Record on the IDF and Lethal Targeting
Explains why casualty outcomes and thresholds alone do not establish LOAC proportionality violations; the legal test turns on ex ante military advantage, expected civilian risk, reasonableness, and feasible precautions.
Quote rule: Article-level locator: threshold authority is described as a civilian-risk mitigation tool, not a quota; proportionality and feasible-precaution checks remain required.
Legal debunkLieber InstituteLegal analysisMilitary / LOAC expertsSource reliability: high
Lieber Institute: Ruminations on Proportionality in the Israel-Hamas War
Lieber Institute discussion of proportionality, self-defense, macro/micro legality, civilian-harm comparisons, and urban warfare complexity.
Locator: Sections on jus ad bellum versus jus in bello, proportionality, civilian-harm comparisons, Gaza urban warfare, tunnels/collocation, and effects-only assessment limits.
Methodology / source hygieneModern War Institute at West PointSource hygieneMilitary / LOAC expertsSource reliability: high
Modern War Institute: Challenges Awaiting Israeli Ground Forces in Gaza
Military context for ground operations in Gaza, tunnel/urban constraints, and operational factors absent from effects-only accusations. Matched by Priority-A source family: loac.
Methodology / source hygieneHenry Jackson SocietySource hygieneSource reliability: medium
Questionable Counting: Analysing the Death Toll from the Hamas-Run Ministry of Health in Gaza
Adds a structured critique of casualty-count inflation, category errors, and the media practice of reporting Hamas-run figures without enough scrutiny.
Methodology / source hygieneJINSA / The New Yorker excerptSource hygieneMilitary / LOAC expertsSource reliability: high
What's Legally Allowed in War
Supports the methodological point that destruction/casualty outcomes alone do not establish the legal status of an attack.
Locator: Article/excerpt sections on Rafah, Hamas activity, military objectives, incidental deaths, outcome-vs-decision-making, and comparison to U.S. military processes. Screenshot docs/codex/source-screenshots/counter-evidence-source-promotion-2026-06-14/jinsa-whats-legally-allowed-in-war.jpg; metadata docs/codex/source-screenshots/counter-evidence-source-promotion-2026-06-14/jinsa-whats-legally-allowed-in-war.json.
Quote rule: Article-level locator: Corn says legality cannot be judged based only on outcomes and that one must examine the decision-making leading to a strike; article also records Hamas use of civilian buildings as military objectives.
Methodology / source hygieneJewish Institute for National Security of America (JINSA)Source hygieneMilitary / LOAC expertsSource reliability: high
The October 7 War: Observations, October 2023 - May 2024
Pages 9-10 explain why aggregate casualty totals cannot by themselves establish LOAC violations; legality turns on ex ante attack-specific decisions, expected risk, military advantage, and feasible precautions.
Locator: PDF page locators checked by local pypdf extraction: pp. 6-10 (scope, self-defense, LOAC, casualty-ratio caution, Hamas civilian-infrastructure tactics); pp. 15-16 (precision fires, targeting process, high-authorization areas, tactical patience, civilian checks); pp. 52-53 (humanitarian obligations, Hamas disruption/diversion, overreliance on Hamas-controlled or influenced sources); pp. 55-56 (Hamas information warfare, Al-Ahli misattribution, evacuation obstruction); p. 58 (hospital-use evidence and IDF communication shortfalls). Local source thumbnail: docs/codex/source-screenshots/pdf-page-promotions-2026-06-14/jinsa-october-7-war.pdf.png.
Quote rule: Short locators: p. 7 "overall compliance with the Law of Armed Conflict"; p. 9 aggregate casualties are misleading for legality; p. 10 casualty figures are not evidence of illegality; p. 16 multistep targeting and civilian-harm mitigation; p. 53 Hamas disrupted/pilfered aid; pp. 55-56 Hamas disinformation and evacuation obstruction.
Methodology / source hygieneThe Washington Institute for Near East PolicySource hygieneCasualty methodologySource reliability: high
Washington Institute: The Real Problem with the U.N.'s Revised Gaza Death Toll
Methodology source for UN/Gaza MoH revisions, identified records, and problems with women/children proxies. Matched by Priority-A source family: casualty.
Methodology / source hygieneUK Lawyers for IsraelSource hygieneLegal advocacySource reliability: medium
UKLFI: UK Statistics Authority urged to review Gaza casualty figures
UKLFI Charitable Trust request to the UK Statistics Authority concerning reliability problems in Hamas/Gaza MoH casualty statistics circulated by UN bodies. Use as source-chain/methodology evidence, not as sole proof that all figures are fabricated.
Locator: Use the linked UKLFI page/PDF and add page/section locators before quoting.
Quote rule: Needs exact locator before direct quotation.
Methodology / source hygieneJINSASource hygieneMilitary / LOAC expertsSource reliability: high
JINSA: Gaza Conflict 2021 Assessment
Retired military assessment of 2021 Gaza conflict, useful for comparing IDF targeting, warnings, and Hamas embedding practices over time. Matched by Priority-A source family: loac.
Methodology / source hygieneJINSASource hygieneMilitary / LOAC expertsSource reliability: high
JINSA: 2014 Gaza War Assessment
Retired military assessment of prior Gaza operations, useful for Hamas human-shield patterns, IDF precautions, and longitudinal LOAC context. Matched by Priority-A source family: loac.
Context evidenceJINSAMilitary / LOAC expertMilitary expertSource reliability: medium
JINSA Gaza Assessment hub
JINSA Gaza Assessment hub for military-expert assessments of Gaza conflicts, Hamas disinformation, and operational/legal observations. Use item-level reports before quotation.
Locator: Gaza Assessment project page listing 2014, 2021, and October 7 War assessments plus Hamas disinformation and operational-analysis resources.
Quote rule: Use the specific linked JINSA report title and page locator before quoting.
Methodology / source hygieneAssociated PressSource hygieneCasualty methodologySource reliability: high
AP: Gaza Health Ministry's Death Toll Data Analysis
Mainstream methodology source explaining Gaza Health Ministry data limits, identified records, and demographic-reporting changes. Matched by Priority-A source family: casualty.
Methodology / source hygieneLieber Institute for Law and WarfareSource hygieneMilitary / LOAC expertsSource reliability: high
Lieber Institute: Targeting in an Urban Environment - Why Weaponeering and Tactics Matter
Urban targeting methodology source for weapon choice, tactics, and why blast effects alone do not decide LOAC legality. Matched by Priority-A source family: loac.
Source-chain audit / not proofThe World against Israel Case ArchiveSource-chain proof auditSource reliability: high
P3 counter-audit pairing layer: rebuttal sources are paired with original allegation chains
This item audits repetition. Institutional, NGO, media, or conflict-party transmission is not treated as proof unless the original source and evidentiary threshold are separately satisfied.
Counter-audit pairing completed for 15 item(s). Main sources: JINSA (5); John Spencer (2); Henry Jackson Society (2); High Level Military Group (2); UK Lawyers for Israel (1); Richard Kemp (1); Major Andrew Fox (1); UN Watch (1).
Locator: Counter-audit pairing section of the 2026-06-12 P3 pass.
Methodology / source hygieneSarah Maria SanderSource hygieneSource reliability: medium
Falsche Opferzahlen in Gaza - übernehmen Medien manipulierte Daten der Hamas?
Original Sarah Maria Sander YouTube video on Gaza death-toll reporting and Hamas-run casualty data. Use as German-language media-methodology lead and pair with primary casualty datasets and independent methodology sources.
Context evidenceDie PresseContext sourceSource reliability: medium
Armin Wolf: Die Presse: Armin Wolf Rafah civilian-protection question to IDF spokesperson
Media/source-chain record of a ZIB2 moderator's civilian-protection question and an IDF spokesperson exchange. Use as DACH media-accountability context, not as an independent factual finding about Rafah, proportionality, or targeting legality. Counter/context path: Pair with the original ORF/ZIB2 video where available, IDF Rafah evacuation and humanitarian-zone records, OCHA/UN civilian-protection records, ICJ Rafah order context, and incident-specific LOAC/proportionality analysis.
Bottom-source disposition: preserves allegation/transmission only; not bottom-source proof. The locator preserves where the allegation appears, not that the allegation is proven. Treat this as source-chain provenance unless separate primary records and counter-audit evidence satisfy the factual and legal threshold.
Locator: Die Presse article by Klemens Patek, 13 Feb 2024, opening section after the image caption; paragraph beginning 'ZiB2-Moderator Armin Wolf musste gleich zu Beginn...'.
Quote rule: Verified page terms: title 'Absoluter Quark'; date '13.02.2024 um 08:17'; byline 'Klemens Patek'; quote terms 'Wohin sollen die Menschen', 'suedliche Stadt Rafah', 'gefluechtet', and 'wenn auch diese Zuflucht angegriffen wird'.
Source-chain audit / not proofThe World against Israel Case ArchiveSource-chain proof auditSource reliability: high
P2 casualty-methodology bottom-source debunk: reported numbers are not intent proof
This item audits repetition. Institutional, NGO, media, or conflict-party transmission is not treated as proof unless the original source and evidentiary threshold are separately satisfied.
Bottom-source debunk: the hostile chain uses aggregate deaths, women/children shares, and assumed civilian ratios as a shortcut to unlawful targeting. That bottom layer does not answer the legal question. Distinction and proportionality are assessed attack by attack, ex ante, against the information reasonably available at the time: target, military advantage, expected civilian harm, feasible precautions, Hamas embedding, tunnel and command use, warnings, and alternatives. A global ratio cannot supply the missing strike files or prove that Israel intentionally targeted civilians. Turning casualty arithmetic into a legal verdict is legally inaccurate.
Source-chain audit / not proofThe World against Israel Case ArchiveSource-chain proof auditSource reliability: high
Bottom-source proof standard: repetition is not proof
This item audits repetition. Institutional, NGO, media, or conflict-party transmission is not treated as proof unless the original source and evidentiary threshold are separately satisfied.
Bottom-source audit marker: this dossier includes hostile-source-chain material and must keep source role visible. NGO/UN/media repetition can document how a claim travelled, but the assessment should rest on bottom-source proof, primary records, and counter-audit. Current audit counts: 2 claim-side item(s), 2 allegation-chain-only item(s), 9 primary-like item(s), 46 counter/primary item(s).
Locator: Archive-wide audit rule; generated from docs/codex/BOTTOM_SOURCE_PROOF_AUDIT_2026-06-12.md and JSON queue.
Context evidenceAssociated PressMedia recordSource reliability: medium
Militants and police executed and maimed dozens of Palestinians in Gaza, UN report says
Reinforces that Gaza wartime harm and deaths include non-IDF coercive violence and cannot be read from aggregate casualty numbers alone.
Bottom-source disposition: preserves allegation/transmission only; not bottom-source proof. The locator preserves where the allegation appears, not that the allegation is proven. Treat this as source-chain provenance unless separate primary records and counter-audit evidence satisfy the factual and legal threshold.
Locator: AP article headline and lede, then early body paragraphs: UN/OHCHR report documents extrajudicial punishment; AP records executions, kneecapping, bone-breaking, beatings, 249 documented cases, and 108 deaths from Aug. 2024 to Jan. 2026.
Quote rule: Use only short excerpts. Key locators: headline; lede; paragraph beginning 'The U.N. Office...'; paragraph beginning 'These cases involved...'; paragraph beginning 'The commission found...'.
Methodology / source hygieneAssociated PressSource hygieneCasualty methodologySource reliability: high
Women and children of Gaza are killed less frequently as war's toll rises, AP data analysis finds
Mainstream data analysis that undermines frozen slogans about 70 percent women and children and shows the ministry's public framing diverged from its underlying data.
Did it move through UN, NGO, court, media, or activist channels?
3Counter-record
What official, legal, military, or methodology evidence tests it?
4Consequence
Did it become sanctions, lawfare, campus pressure, or media shorthand?
01
Aggregate casualty numbers become shorthand for intent and legality.
statistics_to_legal_conclusion
Track whether the source provides target-specific evidence or only aggregate figures.
9701
Casualty source chain preserved
p2_round7_casualty_chain
Gaza MoH/GMO, UN relays, NGO reports, media explainers, charts, and political posts can preserve what was reported. They are not independent bottom-source proof of each entry, attribution, combatant status, or legal intent.
The original record must prove identification, cause of death, civilian/combatant status, perpetrator attribution, duplicate/error controls, attack-level context, and legal mental state before casualty figures can support the hostile conclusion.
9703
Counter-record and method caveats travel with the numbers
p2_round7_method_counter_record
Named-list versus total-count distinctions, reporting-method shifts, no consistent civilian/combatant split, UN attribution caveats, Hamas/GMO source role, COGAT/IDF/context records, and IHL attack-by-attack standards must remain attached to the claim.
9704
Aggregate civilian-casualty ratios are not the legal test for unlawful targeting.
p2_round7_final_debunk
Bottom-source debunk: the hostile chain uses aggregate deaths, women/children shares, and assumed civilian ratios as a shortcut to unlawful targeting. That bottom layer does not answer the legal question. Distinction and proportionality are assessed attack by attack, ex ante, against the information reasonably available at the time: target, military advantage, expected civilian harm, feasible precautions, Hamas embedding, tunnel and command use, warnings, and alternatives. A global ratio cannot supply the missing strike files or prove that Israel intentionally targeted civilians. Turning casualty arithmetic into a legal verdict is legally inaccurate.
Copy/paste debunk packs
enpublic
Casualty ratios matter, but law-of-war conclusions are not proven by a body-count ratio.
A civilian-casualty ratio can raise questions. It cannot by itself prove unlawful targeting. You still need strike-specific facts, combatant classification, expected military advantage, precautions, cause of death, and reliable data methodology.
The claim that civilian-casualty ratios prove unlawful targeting is legally inaccurate. IHL does not decide distinction or proportionality by aggregate campaign ratios. Proportionality is assessed strike by strike, ex ante, against expected civilian harm, the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated, feasible precautions, target verification, and available alternatives. Casualty ratios can raise humanitarian and investigative questions, especially when datasets are reliable and disaggregated, but they do not by themselves prove intentional civilian targeting, indiscriminate attack, or disproportionate attack.